Peptide index
331 compounds across 19classes. Each one carries an evidence tier, because “there are studies” means something very different for semaglutide than it does for most of this list.
14 compounds
Carnosine
Human RCTA dipeptide concentrated in muscle and brain that buffers acid during hard efforts and mops up the reactive carbonyls that glycate proteins as you age.
Longevity, Mitochondrial & Senolytic
Epitalon
ObservationalA four-amino-acid pineal peptide taken in short twice-yearly courses to restore melatonin rhythm and, according to Russian research, activate telomerase and extend lifespan.
Longevity, Mitochondrial & Senolytic
FOXO4-DRI
Animal data onlyA mirror-image peptide that pries p53 away from FOXO4 inside senescent cells, forcing the zombie cells that accumulate with age to finally undergo apoptosis.
Longevity, Mitochondrial & Senolytic
GDF-11
Animal data onlyThe circulating factor from the young-blood parabiosis experiments, proposed as a systemic rejuvenation signal — and then substantially contradicted by the follow-up work.
Longevity, Mitochondrial & Senolytic
Glutathione
Human trialsThe body's main intracellular antioxidant tripeptide, injected or infused for oxidative stress, liver support and — the reason most people actually buy it — skin brightening.
Longevity, Mitochondrial & Senolytic
Humanin
Animal data onlyThe first mitochondrial-derived peptide ever found, a 24-residue cytoprotective signal that blocks apoptosis and protects neurons — and whose blood levels fall steeply with age.
Longevity, Mitochondrial & Senolytic
Klotho
Animal data onlyThe anti-aging protein itself — knock it out in a mouse and the animal ages catastrophically; over-express it and it lives longer, and a single low dose sharpened memory in aged monkeys.
Longevity, Mitochondrial & Senolytic
MOTS-c
Animal data onlyA 16-amino-acid peptide written in mitochondrial DNA that acts like a chemical signal for exercise, switching on AMPK and improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility.
Longevity, Mitochondrial & Senolytic
MOTS-c Analogues
In vitro onlyEngineered MOTS-c variants built to survive longer in the bloodstream than the one-to-two-hour parent peptide, so that a realistic dosing schedule becomes possible.
Longevity, Mitochondrial & Senolytic
NAD+
Human trialsNot a peptide at all, but the cofactor every longevity clinic drips or injects — the redox and sirtuin currency of the cell, which falls substantially with age.
Longevity, Mitochondrial & Senolytic
SHLP-2
In vitro onlyA 26-residue mitochondrial-derived peptide that protects cells from apoptosis, improves insulin sensitivity and shows a striking inverse association with prostate cancer risk in human cohorts.
Longevity, Mitochondrial & Senolytic
SHLP-6
In vitro onlyThe shortest of the humanin-like family at 20 residues and the odd one out — it promotes apoptosis rather than blocking it, which makes it a tumour-suppression candidate instead of a cytoprotectant.
Longevity, Mitochondrial & Senolytic
SS-31
Approved drugA cardiolipin-binding tetrapeptide that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane and restores cristae structure and ATP output — and, as of September 2025, the first FDA-approved drug of its kind.
Longevity, Mitochondrial & Senolytic
Thymalin
ObservationalA calf-thymus peptide extract given in short twice-yearly courses to restore T-cell function in ageing immune systems — and the Khavinson compound with the strongest human survival data behind it.
Longevity, Mitochondrial & Senolytic